The pure bamboo forest with basically the same site conditions was selected, and the sample plots with a width of 6 m, 8 m, and 10 m and a vertical length of 30 m were set for strip cutting. The same width was set at the adjacent position of the cutting zone. In addition, three conventionally managed bamboo forests without cutting were randomly selected as controls. The nutrient status of rhizome, rhizome root, bamboo stump and root of Phyllostachys edulis with different cutting widths were measured, and the recovery potential of underground components of moso bamboo after different cutting widths was analyzed. We explored the reasonable cutting width to provide theoretical basis for the scientific management of moso bamboo forest. The results showed that: (1) the organic carbon content of rhizome, rhizome root and root of moso bamboo in the cutting belt increased first and then decreased with the increase of cutting bandwidth, while the organic carbon content of bamboo root continued to increase. The organic carbon content of bamboo root in three width cutting belts, 8 m cutting belt and 10 m cutting belt was significantly higher than that in the retaining belt (P < 0.05). The organic carbon content of rhizome root in 8 m cutting belt, bamboo root and root in three width cutting belts were different from that in the control. The proportion of organic carbon content of rhizome root in 6 m and 10 m cutting belts and rhizome root in 8 m cutting belt was significantly higher than that in the retaining belt. (2) The total nitrogen (TN) content of bamboo rhizome, rhizome root and bamboo root in the three cutting bandwidths showed a relationship of 8 m > 6 m > 10 m, and the TN content of bamboo root continued to increase with the increase of bandwidth. There was only a significant difference between the 8 m cutting band and the 10 m cutting band. The TN content of rhizome root, bamboo root and root of three kinds of bandwidth was different from that of the control. The proportion of TN content in each component was basically bamboo rhizome > bamboo root > rhizome root > basket root. The proportion of TN in rhizome root of 8 m cutting belt and rhizome, rhizome root and root of 10 m cutting belt increased significantly. (3) The total phosphorus (TP) content of bamboo rhizomes, bamboo stumps and bamboo stumps increased first and then decreased with the increase of bandwidth, while the TP content of rhizome roots continued to rise. The TP content of bamboo rhizomes in the 8 m cutting zone was significantly higher than that in the control, and the TP content of bamboo stumps was significantly higher than that in the corresponding retention zones and the control. The TP content of bamboo stumps accounted for the highest proportion of total phosphorus content in underground components in the 8 m and 10 m cutting zones, while the TP content of bamboo rhizomes accounted for the highest proportion in the 6 m cutting zone. (4) The total potassium (TK) content of the underground components of moso bamboo in the cutting belt was the highest in the 8 m bandwidth. The TK content of the bamboo root and the root in the 8 m cutting belt was significantly higher than that in the 6 m cutting belt by 17.69% and 106.90%, respectively, which was significantly higher than that in the 10 m cutting belt by 102.87% and 121.12%. The TK content of bamboo rhizome, rhizome root and root in the 8 m cutting belt was significantly higher than that in the retaining belt and the control. With the increase of bandwidth, the proportion of TK content showed a downward trend in bamboo rhizome and bamboo root in the cutting belt, an upward trend in rhizome root, and a first increase and then decrease in root. It can be seen that the strip cutting treatment can promote the development of the underground components of moso bamboo, and the nutrient absorption efficiency of the underground components of moso bamboo in the 8 m cutting zone is significantly increased, and the nutrient element content is relatively high, which can provide a lot of energy and growth potential for the recovery and growth of bamboo forest. 8 m cutting width is a reasonable cutting width, which is conducive to the rapid recovery of bamboo forest after cutting.