[Objective] To clarify the breeding system, pollination characteristics, and endangered mechanism of Rosa anemoniflora, and provide theoretical basis for the protection and breeding of rare and endangered plants. [Method] Pollen viability was measured by in vitro culture germination method, stigma receptivity was measured by benzidine hydrogen peroxide method, pollen morphology was observed by scanning electron microscope, and flower characteristics, flowering dynamics, and visiting insects were manually observed and recorded. [Results] (1) The pollen vitality of Rosa anemoniflora was the highest on the the?fourth?day of flowering, and the best period of stigma receptivity was the third day; (2) The single flowering period of Rosa anemoniflora is 5-7 days, and the population flowering period is about 25 days; The hybridization index (OCI) is 4, and the breeding system evaluates it as heterozygous, partially self compatible, and heterozygous requires pollination. (3) Rosa anemoniflora has a single pollinator, with Apis cerana and Bombus sp. being the main pollinators. [Conclusion]The breeding mechanism of Rosa anemoniflora is heterozygous, partially self compatible, and pollinated by insects.The single pollinating insect and the susceptibility of pollination behavior to weather and human interference are important reasons for the endangerment of Rosa anemoniflora; Releasing effective insects during the flowering period and reducing human damage are important measures for the conservation of Rosa anemoniflora.