Abstract:In Arabidopsis thaliana, the arsenic induced gene At4g13180 encoding protein is one of the members of the SDR superfamily (ShortChain Dehydrogenase/Reductase). Its overexpression can enhance the resistance of plants to hydrogen peroxide. Here we studied the At4g13180 gene expression pattern and the encoded protein subcellular localization by semiquantitative RTPCR, with transgenic plants expressing ProAt4g13180:GUS, At4g13180EGFP and At4g13180OE. Our results show that the At4g13180 gene has a very strong expression in tissues such as root, leaf, sepal, and stamen filamentas. At4g13180EGFP is located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Our study lays a basis of further research on the role of the arsenic induced gene At4g13180 in A. thaliana.

Abstract:Flower bud of Cymbidium faberi was chosen as experiment material for gene cloning. A CINlike gene of TCP family was amplified through RTPCR technique and named as CfCIN (GenBank accession number KJ956809). The Open Reading Frame (ORF) of CfCIN is 1 161bp in length and encodes a protein with 386 amino acids. To investigate the specific functions of CfCIN, we constructed the expression vector and introduced it into Saintpaulia ionantha by Agrobacteriummediated method. Phenotypic analysis showed that the leaves of transgenic plants were bigger and changed from circular to oval. Margin of leaves changed from flat and smooth to slightly notched and back curly. Leaf veins were obvious and petioles were redder than wild type plants. There was no obvious difference in flower shape between the transgenic plants and wild type plants. These result indicated that CfCIN might participate leaf development.

Abstract:Alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) is a pyridoxal5′phosphatedependent (PLP) enzyme which plays a critical role in linking carbon and nitrogen metabolism. AlaAT is also involved in plant responses to abiotic stress. In this study, based on the transcriptome data of tea plant, we cloned CsAlaAT gene encoding alanine aminotransferase from cDNA of ‘Huangjinya’ by RTPCR method. In addition, the expression profiles of the CsAlaAT gene in different tissues and under extreme temperatures and hormone treatments in two tea plant varieties (‘Huangjinya’ and ‘Yingshuang’) were analyzed by quantitative real time PCR. Results showed that the length of open reading frame (ORF) of CsAlaAT gene was 1 662 bp, encoding 553 amino acids. CsAlaAT contains typical conserved AATlike domain which belongs to Aspartate aminotransferase family. Multiple alignments of CsAlaAT with related plant species showed that the identity of them was 78.83%. The PLP binding sites and the catalytic residue of 358 Lys were highly conserved. The CsAlaAT is hydrophilic protein. Its theoretical relative molecular weight is 60 877.5 D. Theoretical isoelectric point is 6.11. Percentages of basic, acidic, aliphatic and aromatic amino acids were 12%, 11%, 22% and 8%, respectively. A threedimension crystal structure of CsAlaAT was established on the basis of the HvAlaAT which share identity of 78.38% with CsAlaAT. Quantitative realtime PCR analysis of the expression profiles showed that the CsAlaAT gene was tissuespecific expressed in two tea plant varieties ‘Huangjinya’ and ‘Yingshuang’. The highest expression level was found in the root. The CsAlaAT gene could respond to high temperature (38 ℃) and low temperature (4 ℃) treatments. Exogenous application of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GA) could downregulated the CsAlaAT.

Abstract:Fulllength of open reading frame sequence encoding aldoketo reductases was cloned from Nostoc flagelliforme cells with PCR. The gene was named as NfAKR. Sequence analysis showed that the complete open reading frame of NfAKR was 912 bp, which encoded 304 amino acids residues. The relative molecular mass of NfAKR was 33.51 kD, and its isoelectric point was 4.94. NfAKR protein had the aldo ket red superfamliy domain, and the threedimension structure was composed by 10 αhelices and 11 βsheets，among which there was a hydrophobic cavity as catalytic active site. Phylogenetic analysis showed that aldoketo reductase from N. flagelliforme and N. punctiforme had high similarity. Quantitative realtime PCR analysis showed that the expression of NfAKR gene was upregulated under drought stress of PEG6000.When the concentration of PEG6000 was 8%, the relative expression was 5.66, reaching the peak value. The NfAKR expression was upregulated, suggesting that aldoketo reductase plays a certain role in the process of resisting drought stress in N. flagelliforme.

Abstract:With tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) variety ‘Micro Tom’ as test materials, we analyzed the pathogenesis regularity and SlCBL1 gene expression in tomato leaf and fruit. After inoculation with Botrytis cinerea, we observed the incidence of SlCBL1 gene in tomato leaves and fruits in transgenic tomato and control. We analyzed the expression change of transcription factor related to disease resistance in transgenic tomato and control. The results show that: (1) for Nongmo tomatoes, the leaves began to attack after inoculation B. cinerea 4 days. Green fruit inoculation B. cinerea 15 days still no disease. White fruit began to attack after inoculation B. cinerea 11 days. Red fruit began to attack after inoculation B. cinerea 5 days. SlCBL1 gene expression in tomato leaves was lower than in fruit, green fruit and white fruit stage is the highest, the red fruit is the lowest. (2) For genetically modified tomatoes, overexpression of SlCBL1 gene can inhibit the occurrence of B. cinerea in tomato leaves and fruits. Almost all the transcription factor expression was upregulated in leaves and fruits. WRKY transcription factor family gene SlWRKY33 and SlWRKY70 were strongly upregulated. The results showed that the over expression of SlCBL1 gene could improve the ability of the tomato to resist the B. cinerea. And by influencing the disease resistance related transcription factors to regulation tomato resistance to B. cinerea.

Abstract:In this study, malebiased NUPTs (nuclear integrants of plastid DNA) were isolated and analyzed in the genome of Asparagus officinalis, a dioecious plant, by using genome substractive hybridization method. (1) 52 malebiased sequences with size ranged from 63 bp to 297 bp were obtained from the substractive hybridization library. Among these sequences, 19 were originated from chloroplast genome, which were designated as Ao1-Ao19. These sequences all showed high similarity (>84%) with the corresponding sequences in asparagus chloroplast genome, while Ao19 showed 100% similarity with the corresponding sequence in the asparagus chloroplast genome. (2) Genome semiquantitative PCR revealed that four (Ao1, Ao3, Ao10, and Ao18) out the 19 sequences were stable malebiased NUPTs. (3) Sequence alignment showed the NUPTs were mainly derived from the inverted repeat region (IR) (containing IRa and IRb) of the asparagus chloroplast genome, indicating that the sequences of IR region of chloroplast genome were more preferred to transfer to nuclear genome to form malebiased NUPTs sequences.

Abstract:Glycosylation modification plays an important role in the regulation of solubility, stability and biological activity of various small molecules. Based on transcriptome data, we cloned two glycosyltransferase genes from tartary buckwheat and expressed them in E. coli. The result showed that: (1) the cDNA sequences of FtUFGT4 and FtUFGT5 were 1 434 bp and 1 470 bp in length, respectively. Both of their coding proteins were classifieds E group of AtUFGTs from Arabidopsis thaliana, which may be involved in flavonoid glycosylation. (2) Multiple sequence alignment indicated that there was a PSPG Box at their Cterminal, and the catalytic activity site was H16 and H17, respectively. Meanwhile, both of them had a typical GTB structures in plant glycosyltransferase. Moreover, the molecular docking results exhibited that FtUFGT4 and FtUFGT5 could dock with cyanidin and UDP. (3) FtUFGT4 and FtUFGT5 were ectopic expressed in the E.coli solubly. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) proved that they showed the cyanidin 3Oglucoside activity.

Abstract:In order to study the biosynthesis of sesquiterpene, this text analyzed the sesquiterpene synthetases gene(AcTPS2) through genome analysis of Antrodia camphorata, and obtained the full length cDNA with RTPCR, carried on bioinformatics and mRNA analysis. The results showed that AcTPS2 cDNA has 1 086 bp; Blast analysis revealed that AcTPS2 included abundant asparagic acid motif DXXXD that is specific motif of sesquiterpene synthetase, and terpene synthetase special conserved sequence RRDTSGLDL; phylogenetic trees showed AcTPS2 and other fungus sesquiterpene synthetase amino acid sequence clustered in one clade; mRNA analysis showed manitol as carbon source, casein peptone as nitrogen source could promote AcTPS2 effectively, and the results could supply some basis in sesquiterpene biosynthesis.

Abstract:The root system plays vital roles in plant growth, development and yield. In this study, a rice mutant with significantly short roots was isolated from an EMS (ethyl methane sulfonate) generated rice mutant library in the Kasalath background, designated as Osksr5(Oryza sativa kasalath short root 5). Osksr5 showed a dwarf phenotype, the elongation of primary roots, adventitious roots and lateral roots in the mutant was severely impaired, and the number of adventitious roots was reduced. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant phenotype was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. Mapbased cloning analysis located OsKSR5 to a 444 kb region between STS（sequence tagged site）markers 33027k and 33471k on chromosome 1. This result will be helpful for the cloning of OsKSR5 and further characterization of molecular genetic mechanisms underlying root architecture in rice.

Abstract:The watermelon strain W117 was treated with ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) at 1.0% for 9 h, and phenotypic variation of M₁ and M₂,including the leaf, flower, stalk, fertility and branching habits etc, were studied. The typical mutant lines of M₂ were selected simultaneously, and 23 watermelon SSR primers were used for analysis and identification, and the mutant library of watermelon was constructed finally. The results showed that: (1) the M₁ seedlings mutagenized showed differently morphological characteristics such as leaf deformity, leaf folds, partial yellowing, floral abnormality, male flowers do not loose powder, tendril deformity, short stature, slow growth and infertility, ect. The M₁ population of watermelon mutant was composed of 1 252 individual plants, the total mutation frequency was 18.33%.(2) 205 M₂ mutant plants were screened, and 40 phenotypic variations were found in cotyledon traits (yellowing, asymmetric twist, fold etc.), leaf and stem traits (leaf yellowing, smaller, cracked deep, thin stems, internodes shorter, less branched and so on), floral traits (flowers become larger, lighter color, bisexual flowers, petals shrinkage, partial degradation, the number of mutations, stigma deformities, stamens immature) ,and other traits (slow growth, infertility, etc.), the total phenotypic mutation rate reached 19.59%. (3) For the 10 representative mutant plants of M₂ generation, 9 samples were found to be mutated at the DNA level by SSR primer analysis. In this study, a mutant library of watermelon containing 120 M₁ generation lines and 1051 M₂ generation plants and 40 phenotypic variations was constructed.

Abstract:In this study, the total DNA extraction method was modified based on the conventional CTAB method for Rhododendron, and then many microsatellite sequences were chosen from the published Rhododendron EST database and unpublished genome database of R.delavayi in our lab to design SSR primer pairs. Moreover, adding many SSR primer pairs referred to the references, 154 pairs of SSR primers were used to be screened. Finally, 26 pairs of polymorphic primers were screened out, and all of PCR amplicons were specific with clearer band and better repeatability. Furthermore, 10 pairs of polymorphic SSR primer fluorescentlylabeled were used to genetic diversity analysis on 69 Rhododendron germplasms. The results as following: mean effective allele number (N_e), polymophism information content (PIC), observed heterozygosity (H_O) , expective heterozygosity (H_E), and Neis gene diversity(H) for 10 SSR locus are 6.959 2, 0.795 2, 0.543 5, 0.826 5 and 0.820 2, respectively. Based on the consistency between the UPGMA clustering results and their pedigree analysis of Rhododendron hybrids, a speculation of ancestor parent types will be made for Rhododendron hybrids with unknown or unclear pedigree.

Abstract:The experiment was conducted by means of routine paraffinembedded sectioning technique to study the development of embryo and endosperm in Adonis amurensis, in order to define the characteristics of the embryo development and offer some information for the systematic study of Ranunculaceae plants. The results were as follows: (1) the embryogeny is of the onagrad type and the endosperm is of the nuclear type of A.amurensis.The division of primary endosperm nucleus is prior to that of zygote. (2) When the seeds have matured, the seed embryos have not been fully differentiated. They are still in the early stage of globular embryo or in the early stage of heart shaped embryo. Embryo development requires approximately 50-60 d. (3) The morphophysiological dormancy exists in seeds of A. amurensis, and they need afterripening to complete the embryos differentiation and to form cytoledonstage embryos. Under the same condition, the differentiation rate of embryo is quite different.

Abstract:In order to illuminate cytological mechanism of small amount 2n pollen existing in petunia, high sterile rate of petunia pollen in hot summer and explore chromosomal karyotype analysis in meiosis period, we conducted the observation of abnormal meiosis and karyotype analysis in meiosis diakinesis period by conventional plate method using flower buds of diploid petunia plant in hot summer as material. The results showed that abnormal meiosis was mainly characterized by multinucleolus, bivalent and sister chromatids dividing beforehand, chromosomes outside metaphase plate, unequal segregation, lagged chromosomes, lost chromosomes, triad and tetrad with micronucleus. These abnormal meiosis behaviour could cause the production of abortive pollen. In metaphase Ⅱ, fusing spindles, tripolar spindle in which spindle were orientated abnormally could easily lead to 2n pollen formation, the occurrence of 2n pollen percentage was 1.51% through statistics. The karyotype formula of Petunia hybrida Vilm. in meiosis diakinesie was K(2n)=2x=14=10m+4sm(SAT), which had 5 pairs of metacentric chromosomes (chrom. No.1,4,5,6,7), 2 pairs of submetacentric chromosomes(chrom. No.2 and 3, No.2 with satellite). Relative length was 2n=14=4M₁+10M₂, belonging to 2A type. The abnormal meiosis of P. hybrida could lead to the production of 2n pollen and sterile pollen, the advantages of karyotype analysis in diakinesis for petunia included abundant materials, clear bivalents form and without artificial pairing analysis, etc al. It provided a new method for study on petunia cytology.

Abstract:In this paper, the leaf anatomical structure of 12 ephemeral plant species in the southern margin of Gurbantunggut Desert located in northern Xinjiang was analyzed by conventional paraffin method. The results show: (1) Mesophyll tissue of Nepe micrantha Beg. etc. 8 kinds of plantswas developed, shows heteromorphic leaf characteristics; N. micrantha Beg. etc. 7 kinds of plants having a flower ringlike vascular bundle sheath, shows the characteristics of C₄ plants. (2) All of the 12 ephemeral plant have stomatal lower chamber, and stomatal lower chamber of N. micrantha Beg. etc. 7 kinds of plants were developed; (3) Crystal were often exist in mesophyll and veins, there are differences in quantity and size in different plants. Although the xerophytes characteristics showed in leaf anatomical structure. From the perspective of the individual, these characteristics were not enough to change the mesophyte character of these plants. These characteristics are the different manner of different plants to adapt to the desert environment.

Abstract:In order to explore the effects of temperature on pollen tube growth and protective enzyme activities of early maturing loquat in the 1st florescence, we took the 1st florescence of a new very precocious loquat line ‘Chuanzao loquat’ as experimental material to study the stigma receptivity, pollen vitality, pollen tube growth and protective enzyme activities under three temperature treatments of T₁ (25 ℃/20 ℃, day/night), T₂ (30 ℃/25 ℃, day/night) and T₃ (35 ℃/30 ℃, day/night). The results showed that: (1) the duration of stigma with receptivity, the pollen vitality under the same flowers’ age and the number of pollen tubes reached the style base of the 1st florescence of ‘Chuanzao loquat’ were ranked as T₁ > T₂ > T₃, and the length of time of pollen tubes arrived at style base was ranked as T₁ >T₃＞T₂. The pollen tubes growth showed apex bending, swelling, stop growth and other anomalies in the style at T₃. (2) The SOD and CAT activities of flowers in three temperature treatments presented the trends of first increased then decreased with the increase of flowers’ age, but POD activity presented the trends of first decreased then increased. The protective enzyme activities maintained at a relatively stable level at T₁, but had the significant changes at T₂ and T₃. In conclusion, the optimal temperature is 25 ℃/20 ℃, day/night for fruiting in the 1st florescence, change the amplitude increased of main antioxidant enzyme activity, the short duration of stigma receptivity, low pollen vitality and pollen tube growth abnormalities in style under high temperature resulted the bad fruit setting rate of early maturing loquat in the 1st florescence.

Abstract:In the present study, mangrove Kandelia candel (L.) Druce were potted in sand and treated with different NaCl concentrations (0, 200 and 500 mmol·L^-1).The relative expression of four key genes in the flavonoid metabolism, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamic acid hydroxylase (C4H), 4pcoumaric acyl coenzyme A ligase (4CL) and chalcone synthase(CHS) were analyzed in response to salt stress by quantificational Realtime Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRTPCR). In addition, the biomass, K⁺ and Na⁺ contents, the activities of key enzymes, the contents of flavonoid and the antioxidant activity in response to salt of K. candel were investigated. Our results showed that: (1) the expression levels of PAL, 4CL, C4H and CHS were upregulated significantly under salt conditions; the activities of PAL, 4CL and C4H as well as CHS content were increased significantly with salt concentration increasing; compared with the control. (2) The plant height as well as the dry weight of leaf, root and stem were not changed significantly in NaCl treatment for 3 d and 15 d except the plant height significantly changed in 200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl treatment for 15 d. (3) The content of flavonoid, and the scavenging rate of hydroxyl radical and superoxide free radical were increased, the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio and the content of MDA were decreased significantly. These results indicate that the flavonoid metabolism in K. candel under salt conditions can be enhanced and may play an important role in the adaption to the saline environment. Accumulation of flavonoids contributes to oxidation resistance and salt tolerance of K. candel in order to maintain plant growth under salt conditions.

Abstract:The four spinach varieties with significant differences in the content of nitrate under nutrient solution culture were used as materials. The growth indexes(plant height, root length, plant width, stem length, dry weight, fresh weight and leaf area), photosynthetic pigments(chlorophyll a, B and carotenoid), photosynthetic parameters(Yield,ETR,qP and qN), nitrate uptake rate and nitrate reductase activity were determined, and the physiological differences of different genotypes were studied. The results showed that: （1）The nitrate content of spinach leaves with different genotype materials is always different, and there is no significant correlation between nitrate content and biomass. Under the same cultivation conditions, the varieties with large biomass does not mean that the nitrate content is low.（2）The spinach with high nitrate content were lower in photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis, and nitrate reductase activity; and higher in nitrate uptake rate. The spinach with low nitrate content had higher photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthesis and nitrate reductase activity; and nitrate uptake rate were lower. （3）Among them, the comprehensive evaluation of the low nitrate content genotype SL0613 was the best, which could be used as the material for the selective breeding of spinach cultivars with low nitrate content. In conclusion, the difference of nitrate content in different spinach genotypes is probably due to the effect of nitrate uptake and transport.

Abstract:Using postharvest “Red global” grapes as the material, we investigated the effect of four different treatments of control，250 μL/L ozone, 0.3% coatings and the combination of 250 μL/L ozone and 0.3% coatings on the storage property of grapes, Through the determination of the soluble solids,titratable acid,respiration intensity, hardness, peroxidase(POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), βl，3glucanase (GLU), chitinase(CHI), malondialdehyde(MDA), total phenol, statistical weight loss and decay. The results showed that the weight loss rate and rot rate of 250 μL/L ozone, 0.3% coatings and the combination of 250 μL/L ozone and 0.3% coatings was reduced, the activities of POD,SOD, CHI,GLU was promoted, MDA content was decreased and the drop of the total phenol was delayed compared with control group. In conclusion, the combination of 250 μL/L ozone and 0.3% sodium alginate coatings had the best result.

Abstract:A pot experiment was conducted to explore the effects of stimulated acid rain treatments with different pH values (pH 5.6, pH 4.0, pH 3.0 and pH 2.0) in autumn on leaf photosynthetic physiological characteristics in the leaf of Acer buergerianum Miq. The results showed that: (1) the relative contents of chlorophyll in the leaf decreased with pH value of stimulated acid rain decreased, while content of MDA in the leaf increased. Membrane permeability and proline content firstly increased and then decreased during stimulated acid rain treatment. On the 20th day of the treatment, membrane permeability of plants growing under pH 2.0 reached the highest level of 146.3%. (2) The net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, water use efficiency as well as apparent light utilization efficiency and apparent CO₂ utilization efficiency significantly declined under stimulated acid rain treatments, especially under stimulated acid rain of pH 3.0 and 2.0. Comprehensive analysis showed that, stimulated acid rain treatment of pH 4.0 did not significantly affect leaf photosynthetic physiological characteristics, but stimulated acid rain at pH 3.0 and below make chlorophyll contents decreased, damage the membrane system and result in a significant decrease of photosynthetic rate. Also A. buergerianum Miq. is able to adapt to weak acid rain environment, that could be used as afforestation tree species in acid rain area.

Abstract:Our goal was to investigate the effects of environmental heterogeneity through wind erosion and sand burial on photosynthesis, morphological characteristics of assimilative branches and fruits production in mother and clonal ramets of clonal Calligonum mongolicum. Based on plenty of field surveys, we chose one typical mother ramet with one clonal fragment, that were exposed in the air due to strong wind erosion, and another sand buried clonal fragment in a mobile sand dune. Measurements were made on chlorophyll contents, net photosynthesis rate, leaf length, leaf number /cluster, cluster number /shoot, node number/ and fruit production in mother and clonal fragments of C. mongolicum under different environmental heterogeneity. The results showed: (1) under wind erosion environment, both the mother and daughter ramets had just half of the chlorophyll contents, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular CO₂ concentration and water use efficiency as compared to the daughter ramets under sand buried environment. The lower photosynthesis had restricted the leaf length, leaf number/cluster, cluster number/ shoot and leaf node number to almost half in the assimilative branches with reduced fruit lengths and widths. (2) Morphological characteristics of assimilative branches in mother ramet were best in bottom and worst in the top, by what we can preview that the dying process of mother ramte was a stage from top to bottom. (3) Though all the root system was exposed in the air, the mother ramet had survived and completed its life stages. The results confirmed that the direction of clonal integration had not only passed among the sister ramets, but also from the sister to the mother ramets, or else those would die immediately in the absence of soil.

Abstract:The experiment was carried out under artificial greenhouse condition to investigate the effects of growth and pseudobulb’s organic matter content of Pleione bulbocodioides with three temperature treatments（20 ℃/15 ℃，15 ℃/10 ℃ and 10 ℃/5 ℃）. The results showed that: (1) compared with 20 ℃/15 ℃ treatment (simulate the natural temperature of the native place during the flowering period), the early flowering time with 15 ℃/10 ℃ and 10 ℃/5 ℃ treatments were advanced 24 days and 53 days respectively, while the flowering was prolonged 4 days and 6 days respectively. (2) With 10 ℃/5 ℃ treatment，the color of flower was deeper than that of other treatments,while many dumb flower buds were exist. (3) With the process of the old pseudobulb growth, the starch content showed a trend of increase under 20 ℃/15 ℃ treatment，and fall after rise under 15 ℃/10 ℃ and 10 ℃/5 ℃ treatments; Under the three temperature treatments, the maximum of soluble sugar content all appeared in flowering period; Both the soluble sugar and soluble protein were maintained high level under 10 ℃/5 ℃ treatment. Studies had shown that both 20 ℃/15 ℃ and 15 ℃/10 ℃ treatments were favorable to the growth and flowering of P. bulbocodioides, while 10 ℃/5 ℃ treatment not. The dormant pseudobulb of P. bulbocodioides doesnt need low temperature induction break dormancy and would start the corresponding growth process when temperature rises.

Abstract:Qiliyu region is located between the eastern margin of the Lingkong mountain and northern margin of the Mianshan Mountain, and it shows distinct transitional vegetation types and high species richness. The phylogenetic structure of a community is composed of the genetic relationships between species across the community. Phylogenetic structure is a synthetical indicator reflecting community construction’s three ecological processes which are habitat filtering, competitive exclusion and stochastic processes. Understanding of the phylogenetic structure of a community will provide new insights into the different ecological processes in constructing the community. Our objective was to examine the effect of spatial factor on phylogenetic structure and determine the relative importance of neutral theory and niche theory in building the plant community in Huoshan mountain. We compared the phylogenetic structure of the community along different altitude gradient using data from 1 200 to 2 000 m, and examined the effects of five spatial scales(100, 400, 900, 1 600 and 2 500 m²) and six DBH classes(Ⅰ. DBH<5 cm,Ⅱ. 5 cm≤DBH<10 cm,Ⅲ. 10 cm≤DBH<15 cm,Ⅳ. 15 cm≤DBH<20 cm,Ⅴ. 20 cm≤DBH<25 cm,Ⅵ. DBH≥25 cm) at five spatial scales on phylogenetic structure of the community in Qiliyu region. The results demonstrated that: (1) there were certain phylogenetic structure at all different altitudinal gradient. The phylogenetic structure of community was dispersed at middlelow altitude and clustered at higher altitude. (2) Communities were phylogenetically clustered at all spatial scales. With increasing spatial scale, the phylogenetic structure tended to cluster. (3) The effects of six DBH classes at five spatial scales on phylogenetic structure of the community were examined, which shows the result that the degree of phylogenetic clustering decreased with increasing DBH classes. However, the degree of phylogenetic clustering at the scale of DBH Ⅵ was higher than the Ⅳ and Ⅴ. It turns out from our research that the prediction of niche theory is more important than the prediction of neutral theory in building the plant community in Huoshan Mountain of Shanxi.

Abstract:In order to explore the relationship between the soil particle size distribution (PSD) with the soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (MBC, MBN) contents for different community types, we chose three typical communities, which in Yanchi County of Ningxia desert grassland as the research object, to determine the changing characteristic of soil PSD ,the content of MBC and MBN in different soil layers (0-5,5-10,10-15 cm) of two soil habitat for different communities (Agropyron mongolicum Keng, Artemisia ordosica, Stipa breviflora). In addition,we analyzed the relationship between the composition of soil particles in sand, silt, clay particle volume fraction and the change of soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and MBC, MBN contents among different communities. The results showed that: (1) the soil particle size in different community types appeared tendency of “V” type distribution trend, but in Artemisia ordosica the soil particle content of 100-500 μm relatively more than that of other communities and has a significant difference. (2) The contents of soil SOC, MBC and MBN increased with the decreasing of soil depth, to a certain extent, in the same depth,the contents of soil SOC, MBN in canopy higher than that in pleous，which performed a“fertile island”, and at soil depth of 0-5 cm soil layer was significant difference (P＜0.05). (3) The correlation relationship between the composition of soil particle with soil SOC, MBC, SOC and MBN contents indicated that: the contents of MBC and MBN are high in wheatgrass, Stipa breviflora, which have a similar tendency with soil particle size of 0.01-2 μm, 2-50 μm, and 50-100 μm. The contents of soil SOC,MBC and MBN were showed significant(P＜0.05) correlation with the particle size lower than 100 μm. The contents of soil particle diameter 100-250 μm, 250-500 μm in Artemisia community showed a increased tendency, which lead to the lower contents of SOC, MBC and MBN; therefore,our result demonstrated that different community types not only have an influence on soil particle size distribution, but also have a significant impact.

Abstract:To explore how grazing affects grassland ecosystem，we studied the relationship of grassland community and soil characteristics in both grazing and restgrazing grasslands. The object of this study was to determine the changes of the relationships between species diversity and productivity, soil characteristics (soil organic carbon, nitrogen contents) and biomass in the grazing grassland. The results showed that: (1) the above biomass and litter biomass were decreased significantly by livestock ingestion. From the perspective of functional groups, the biomass of grasses in grazing grassland was 19.77% more than in restgrazing grassland. However, the biomass of forbs and legumes in grazing grassland were 31.09% and 23.42% less than in restgrazing grassland. The ingested strategies of livestock were changed in the communities with different species diversity. Community productivity was decreased significantly by ingesting enormous grasses, which is the dominant species in community, in the communities with lower species diversity. (2) When diversity was less than 1.3, the productivity of restgrazing grassland is higher than that of grazing grassland, but when diversity was more than 1.3, community productivity showed a contrary trend. (3) Results from Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) showed that livestock influenced soil carbon and nitrogen contents through changing aboveground biomass, litter biomass and soil bulk density. (4) Abovebiomass was significantly influenced by livestock in the lower aboveground biomass community (<100 g·m^-2), so the soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents responding to the same aboveground biomass were higher in restgrazing grassland than that in grazing grassland. However, there was a contrary trend in the high abovebiomass grassland (>100 g·m^-2). (5) When belowground biomass was less than 1 200 g·m^-2, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents were higher in grazing grassland than that in restgrazing grassland, but when belowground biomass was more than 1 200 g·m^-2, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents showed a contrary trend. We suggested that the scientific and reasonable grazing and management strategies should be conducted to coordinate livestock and plant community. Both economic benefits and ecological benefits should be considered, when achieving sustainable development in grassland grazing ecosystem.

Abstract:The wetland landscape changes of small lakes of Bosten Lake were analyzed from 1996 to 2015 with adoption of landscape conversion coefficient and the model of center of gravity migration, with small lakes of Bosten Lake as research area and adopting the Landsat images in five different periods as main data source. Research results show that: (1) the center of gravity of wetland with surface water and dry land changes dramatically in nearly 20 years, and between 1996 and 2001. The change of center of gravity of wetland with surface water reached the highest value and moved by 10.57 km to the southwest. The maximum change value of center of gravity for dry land appeared between 2001 and 2006 and moved by 8.78 km to the southwest. (2) In nearly 20 years, the water around wetland of small lake area was decreasing gradually, dry land expanded to inside annually and the center of gravity migration of water and dry land moved in a clockwise direction. (3) Stable landscape was the main composition type of study area. In nearly 20 years, accounting for 89.72% of the total types and nonstable landscape in 11.28% of the total type. The wetland landscape change of small lakes of Bosten Lake presented a stable trend gradually. Climatic factors, lake level and human factors were main factors that influence of wetland landscape change in the study area.

Abstract:Climate has great impacts on organism development and distribution. It is one of the most important abiotic factors that affect biodiversity. In this paper, we utilized flower species Cornus kousa subsp. chinensis as the research object, which was widely distributed in China, to investigate its distribution through the field survey and herbarium search, and used MaxEnt model and Arcgis to simulate its historical, current and future distribution trends and to analyze its distribution pattern in each historical period and explore the cause of species distribution changes. Research results showed that C. kousa subsp. chinensis distribution was strongly affected by Min temperature of the coldest month and Mean temperature of the coldest quarter. According to the distribution pattern of C. kousa subsp. chinensis in the Last Glacial Maximum, and Chinese geographical and geological features, we proposed that: central/western mountainous region and East mountainous region of China were the core area of the potential distribution for C. kousa subsp. chinensis, since these regions could provide more suitable habitats for C. kousa subsp. chinensis than other regions and be the refugia where the current C. kousa subsp. chinensis was expanded from.

Abstract:The effects of salt stress on plant growth were mainly caused by ion toxicity, osmotic stress and secondary oxidative stress. The expression of the related gene activated rapidly and carried out transcriptional regulation, then the corresponding protein is synthesized to control metabolite synthesis and ion transport to regulate the osmotic balance when plants under salt stress. With the rapid development of modern molecular biology, the study of salt tolerance mechanism of plants under salt stress has also deepened to the level of transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and ionome. The “omics” research of plants under salt stress provided a powerful tool for salt tolerance gene identification and the mining of iconic metabolites. This paper mainly summarized the methods and the application of transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and ionomics under salt stress. The mechanism of salt tolerance was revealed, which provided a support for the selection and cultivation of excellent salttolerance plants. It also has an important theoretical and practical value.